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Learning Modules ❯ Gastrointestinal

State-of-the-art Diagnosis and Treatment of Metastatic Melanoma: MDCT Protocol Optimization to Identify Metastases in Unusual Locations and Review of Innovative Therapeutic Agents

State-of-the-art Diagnosis and Treatment of Metastatic Melanoma: MDCT Protocol Optimization to Identify Metastases in Unusual Locations and Review of Innovative Therapeutic Agents

Elliot K. Fishman, M.D.

The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science
The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions
Baltimore, Maryland

 

Cardiac Metastasis

62-year-old man with melanoma metastatic to the right ventricle. Axial IV contrast enhanced CT with soft tissue (A) and high contrast (B) windows. Tumor conspicuity is enhanced by use of high contrast window (B).

Cardiac Metastasis

 

Intramuscular Metastases

55-year-old female with melanoma. Intramuscular metastasis (A) better visualized with high contrast window (B) in axial plane. Second muscular metastasis in the same patient on standard axial soft tissue window (C) and coronal MPR with contrast window (D).

Intramuscular Metastases

 

Spinal Canal

76-year-old male with melanoma; soft tissue infiltration in the sacral spinal canal (A) is better appreciated on the sagittal MPR with a soft tissue window (B), which also reveals cortical erosion of the posterior sacrum (C).

Spinal Canal

 

Parotid Metastasis

48-year old woman with melanoma and enhancing mass in the left parotid on axial (A) and coronal (B) IV contrast-enhanced CT. Metastases to solid organs are best visualized with high contrast windows (B). Confirmation with coronal MPR increases diagnostic confidence.

Parotid Metastasis

 

Thyroid Metastasis

55-year-old female with melanoma and thyroid metastasis seen on axial (A) and coronal (B) IV contrast-enhanced CT.

Thyroid Metastasis

 

Pancreatic Metastasis

65-year-old woman with pancreatic mass due to metastatic melanoma. Axial image (A) and coronal MPR (B) from IV contrast enhanced CT show a hypovascular mass in the pancreatic body with ductal dilation in the distal body and tail. The metastasis mimics a primary pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

Pancreatic Metastasis

 

Small Bowel

56-year-old man with multifocal small bowel wall thickening due to metastatic melanoma involving both the jejunum (A) and ileum (B) on coronal IV contrast enhanced CT. Note that this appearance mimics lymphoma involving small bowel.

Small Bowel

 

Small Bowel

78-year-old man with melanoma and nodular metastatic lesions in the small bowel wall on axial (C) and coronal (D) IV contrast enhanced CT. Small bowel should be inspected on axial and coronal planes to identify small metastases.

Small Bowel

 

Mesenteric Metastasis

66-year-old man with melanoma and new mesenteric nodule on axial (A) and coronal (B) IV contrast enhanced CT. Coronal MPRs facilitate distinction of mesenteric metastases from bowel. Note intense FDG activity (C) on correlate PET image.

Mesenteric Metastasis

 

Perinephric Metastasis

55-year-old female with melanoma and small perinephric metastases on axial (A) and coronal (B) IV contrast-enhanced CT, which enlarged at 3 month follow up (C,D). (Same patient as slide 17)

Perinephric Metastasis

 

Uterine Metastasis

44-year-old female with melanoma and small uterine/periuterine nodule seen on axial IV contrast-enhanced CT (A). Intense FDG activity noted on follow-up PET/CT (B). No clear CT correlate (C) for a second focus of intense FDG activity in the uterus (D). PET/CT can identify some solid organ metastases not visualized with CT.

Uterine Metastasis

 

Cutaneous/Subcutaneous

56-year-old man with metastatic melanoma from right gluteal primary. Axial extended-field-of-view CT image demonstrates two skin metastases. Lower extremity, back, and head and neck melanoma metastasize to subcutaneous tissues.8

Cutaneous/Subcutaneous

 

Isolated Subcutaneous Metastasis

51-year old woman with melanoma and small subcutaneous nodule that increased from 4 mm (A) to 8 mm (B). Note FDG avidity on PET/CT (C). This was the only site of metastatic disease. Careful inspection of the subcutaneous tissues with comparison to prior exams is imperative; subcutaneous metastases are often small at presentation.

Isolated Subcutaneous Metastasis

 

Complications of Melanoma Mets

57-year-old male with metastatic (M) to liver lesion on axial CT (A) and active hemorrhage on IV contrast enhanced MDCT arterial (B) and venous (C) phase coronal MPRS.
  • Melanoma metastases have a propensity for hemorrhage, and may present with significant GI hemorrhage10
  • Melanoma metastatic to the small bowel may result in obstruction or serve as a lead point for intussusception
Complications of Melanoma Mets

 

On the Treatment Horizon

Adoptive cell transfer:
  • Isolation, expansion, and reinfusion of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes found in sites of disease (or modification of peripherally isolated T cells to express a T cell receptor that targets melanoma)
  • Response rates from 34-72%25
Therapy for oligometastatic disease:
  • Surgical metastasectomy improves median and 5-year survival in M1a (skin, subcutaneous, distant nodes) and M1b/M1c (visceral or osseous) disease26
  • Resection of pulmonary metastases with no extrathoracic disease also improves survival, even in patients with >5 year disease free interval27
  • Resection safe during BRAF-inhibitor therapy28
  • Stereotactic radiotherapy may be an alternative to surgery; for example, for pulmonary mets29

 

Immunotherapy Complications

Axial (A,B), sagittal (C), and coronal (D) IV and oral contrast enhanced CT demonstrating diffuse colonic wall thickening in a 68-year-old female on ipilimumab for therapy of metastatic melanoma. Severe colitis was found on subsequent colonoscopy: pathologic changes consistent with ipilimumab-related disease.

Immunotherapy Complications

 

Immunotherapy Complications

Axial non-contrast CT of the chest in lung windows (A,B) demonstrating consolidation in the left lung, consistent with pneumonitis in a patient who had received 4 doses of ipilimumab for therapy of melanoma.

Immunotherapy Complications

 

Immunotherapy Complications

Axial (A-C) IV contrast-enhanced CT in a 68-year-old male with metastatic melanoma on ipilimumab presenting with abdominal pain and elevated lipase, with pancreatic edema and adjacent inflammatory stranding, compatible with acute pancreatitis.

Immunotherapy Complications

 

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