Practical Guide to Artificial Intelligence, Chatbots, and Large Language Models in Conducting and Reporting Research

Tyler J Loftus, Adil Haider, Gilbert R Upchurch Jr

JAMA Surg . 2025 Jan 8. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2024.6025. Online ahead of print.

Summary

This Guide to Statistics and Methods provides an overview of the limitations and opportunities in applying large language models in such tasks as extracting surgical risk factors from clinical notes, learning from text inputs for decision support, and serving as educational tools.